Integripedia Topic
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a group of nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques that use short, high-frequency ultrasonic waves to identify flaws in a material. They generally work by emitting waves into a material. By measuring these waves, the properties of the material and internal flaws can be identified. Most UT devices consist of many separate units. These can include pulsers and receivers, transducers, and display monitors. The components included depend on the type of UT that the inspector is performing.
Types of Ultrasonic Testing
There are several different types of ultrasonic testing, including:
Automated Ultrasonic Backscatter Technique
Advanced Ultrasonic Backscatter Technique (AUBT) is a UT technique developed for detecting damage from High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA). The technique is for use in pressure vessels and piping. The technique makes use of high frequency, broadband UT probes and a digital oscilloscope. These allow it to provide both an A-Scan display and frequency analysis.
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) is a UT technique that utilizes a set of UT probes made up of numerous (anywhere from 16 to over 250) small elements. Each of the elements in a PAUT system is able to pulse individually. This is done with computer calculated timing, through a process known as phasing. This allows the system to steer focused beam through various angles and focal distances.
Long Range Ultrasonic Testing
Long Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT) is a UT method developed to allow for testing large volumes of material from a single test point. This method works by fixing transducer rings uniformly around a pipe. These rings then generate a series of low frequency guided waves. The waves can then propagate symmetrically along the pipe axis. This provides complete coverage of the pipe wall.
Internal Rotating Inspection Systems
An Internal Rotating Inspection System (IRIS) is an ultrasonic technique used to detect corrosion in piping and tubing. using an internally inserted probe that generates sound waves. The system works by inserting a probe into a flooded pipe. The probe them move through the pipe, scanning as it goes.
Time of Flight Diffraction
Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) is a method used to look for flaws in welds. It uses the time of flight of an ultrasonic pulse to find the location of a reflector. To find the TOF, the method uses a pair of ultrasonic transducers. The transmitter emits low frequency waves that propagate at an angle. They only diffract back to the receiver if they hit a defect.
Dry-Coupled Ultrasonic Testing
Dry-Coupled Ultrasonic Testing (DCUT) is an alternative, low-cost method that does not require a liquid couplant to inspect metallic and nonmetallic material. Additionally, DCUT transducers are capable of withstanding high voltages. DCUT is a versatile method that can be performed using flexible, contact, wheel, or remote transducers.
- Flexible transducers can be applied on an external or internal surface of a component to detect flaws.
- Contact transducers are also used to detect flaws as well as thickness measurements.
- Wheel transducers allow inspectors to inspect long piping systems in a short amount of time.
- Remote transducers are advantageous because they can take thickness measurements at non-conventional angles (i.e., at angles that are not 90° to the surface). This eliminates the need to build supports or remove components in order to perform inspection.
Rapid Ultrasonic Gridding (RUG)
Rapid Ultrasonic Gridding (RUG) is an NDE method of performing ultrasonic thickness in which multiple ultrasonic thickness probes are utilized, simultaneously, to rapidly gather thickness measurements in a predefined or ad hoc space. Like other UT methods, RUG captures raw A-Scan data, which can be presented in B-Scan or C-Scan modes — or used to create visual representation as 3-D models. However, RUG is capable of capturing multiple A-Scan data points at a much faster rate than traditional thickness measuring techniques.
Advantages and Disadvantages
In general, UT has several advantages and disadvantages. It’s useful because it can scan for flaws both on and underneath the surface. It is also useful for it's incredible accuracy. On the other hand, not all materials are receptive to ultrasonic testing. It also has the disadvantage that it requires a good deal of skill and training to perform.
Related Topics
- Acoustic Emission Testing (AET)
- Advanced Ultrasonic Backscatter Technique (AUBT)
- Eddy Current Array (ECA)
- Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT)
- Guided Wave Ultrasonics (GWUT)
- Infrared Inspection
- Liquid Penetrant Examination (LPE)
- Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL)
- Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
- Meandering Winding Magnetometer Array (MWMA)
- Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC)
- Radiography
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May/June 2021 Inspectioneering JournalBy Martyn Cooper at Santos
This case study of a CO2 absorber tower in a remote location investigates the use of a new type of wireless ultrasonic sensor for monitoring the thickness of equipment while on or offline.
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BlogMarch 1, 2021 By Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal
This retrospective takes a quick look at two of the most popular topics that were covered in Inspectioneering Journal last year: the accuracy of thickness readings and corrosion under insulation.
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BlogFebruary 15, 2021 By Mark Geisenhoff at Flint Hills Resources, and Sascha Schieke at Molex
Temporarily or permanently installed thickness monitors can help to overcome shortcomings and uncertainties associated with manual ultrasonic inspections and can lead to significantly improved maintenance and asset replacement forecasting.
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May/June 2020 Inspectioneering JournalBy Spencer Rex at Trinity Bridge
This article dives into continuous thickness monitoring, which in the opinion of the author is one of the more innovative technologies for corrosion control in the refining industry to come about in the last two decades.
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This article demonstrates how the use of TFM/FMC can be an effective method to screen for potential problem flanges before a planned shut down and can be a very useful tool in planning which flanges require further evaluation.
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March/April 2020 Inspectioneering JournalBy Tim Haugen at Quest Integrity
Universally, smart or intelligent pigging is now a standard practice for the inspection of fired heater and serpentine boiler coils. Understanding this technology can greatly assist with maintenance planning and the prevention of unexpected failures.
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March/April 2020 Inspectioneering JournalBy Ed Bryner at Gecko Robotics
There are tools available that can achieve nearly 100% corrosion monitoring coverage. The use of robotics and ultrasonic inspection methods such as rapid ultrasonic gridding have shown to be highly effective in acquiring these data points.
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How Inferior UT Procedures and Practices on Pressure Vessels Cost $1 Million in Turnaround Repairs – Part 2January/February 2020 Inspectioneering JournalBy Dave Holthaus at Comprehensive Procedure Reviews, LLC (CPR), and Kevin Gaskin at CHS, Inc.
This case study discusses costly repairs that were needed on newly fabricated pressure vessels as a result of poor UT practices. The author shines a light on some industry problems that can be fixed with an understanding of what is actually required.
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BlogJanuary 6, 2020
We’re excited to announce a new section of our website that is dedicated to equipping inspectors with greater knowledge and proficiency across various subject matter areas.
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November/December 2019 Inspectioneering JournalBy Dave Holthaus at Comprehensive Procedure Reviews, LLC (CPR), and Kevin Gaskin at CHS, Inc.
This article helps shine light on some common industry problems that can occur by having inferior UT procedures and practices, while providing several lessons learned through a case study that resulted in nearly $1 million in turnaround repairs.
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BlogDecember 9, 2019 By Calvin Jory at Olympus America
This article discusses two common challenges for inspectors taking thickness readings in high temperature environments and ways to overcome those challenges.
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September/October 2019 Inspectioneering JournalBy Ed Bryner at Gecko Robotics
The refining and petrochemical industries will continue to benefit from the evolution of robotics and data management. The biggest hurdle will be to accept this evolution and embrace the new capabilities that come with it.
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September/October 2019 Inspectioneering JournalBy Michael Nugent at LPI, Inc., Steve Strachan at Sensor Networks Inc., and Art Leach at Sensor Networks Inc.
Thickness readings are critical for today's inspectors to accurately judge the state of their equipment. Recent advancements in sensors, software, and data management tools have made this easier, safer, and more efficient than ever before.
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BlogSeptember 12, 2019 By Olympus America
Here are 8 tips to help you overcome certain challenges encountered when taking thickness measurements at high temperatures.
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July/August 2019 Inspectioneering JournalBy Geoff Clarkson at UTComp, Inc.
This article is written to provide a brief case study of an acoustic emission test of an FRP storage tank. A method combining acoustic emission with ultrasonics is proposed to ensure reliable long term operation.
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May/June 2019 Inspectioneering JournalBy Ryan Baggett at Pro-Surve Technical Services
While planning methods for thickness data acquisition in any Inspection Data Management Program, PRT should be considered as a cost-efficient, effective way to increase the value of your program for small bore piping or any other suitable situation.
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BlogApril 24, 2019 By Gene Larson at ECHO Ultrasonics
UT couplant auto-ignition is a surprise event that puts the safety of inspectors at risk. In an effort to reduce occurrences, API SCIMI plans to address this issue by including new paragraphs in the upcoming rewrites of API RP 572 and API RP 574.
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BlogSeptember 13, 2018 By Berg Engineering
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May/June 2018 Inspectioneering JournalBy Samer E. Ibrahim at Robert Gordon University
HTHA of hydrogen-containing equipment can be prevented with appropriate material selection and fabrication, appropriate welding procedures, regular inspection of equipment using proven, effective technologies and equipment operated by qualified...
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March/April 2018 Inspectioneering JournalBy Rami Mattar at Amerapex Corporation
This article features a case study on the feasibility of a wall-sticking drone for effectively conducting ultrasonic testing and other NDT methods on equipment at elevated heights.
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January/February 2018 Inspectioneering JournalBy Bruce A. Pellegrino at Sensor Networks, Inc., and Mark Feydo at Sensor Networks, Inc.
Over the past few years, network technologies have been developed to eliminate the need for long cables for UT thickness monitoring. Coupled with a software back-end, permanently-installed UT sensors have become much more competitive in the...
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November/December 2017 Inspectioneering JournalBy Elizabeth Allen at DNV GL, and Michelle Havlock at DNV GL
This article explains the Statistically Active Corrosion Assessment, which is a tool for determining appropriate and realistic corrosion growth rates which can assist pipeline operators in optimizing the value of in-line inspection data.
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May/June 2017 Inspectioneering JournalBy Geoff Clarkson at UTComp, Inc.
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March/April 2017 Inspectioneering JournalBy Matt Ellinger at DNV GL
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March/April 2017 Inspectioneering JournalBy Bob Lasser at Imperium, Inc.
Ultrasonic phased array allow for a variety of structures to be inspected without radiation or taking equipment out of service. Codes are now being developed which allow phased array systems as an acceptable inspection technique for many procedures.
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July/August 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy Gene Larson at ECHO Ultrasonics
This article details the basis for the lack of understanding about the potential for ultrasonic couplant auto-ignition and outlines an ALARP operating practice for mitigation.
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Detection of Defects and Corrosion Under Pipe Supports and Inaccessible Areas Using EMAT Medium Range UT TechniquesMay/June 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy Borja Lopez at Innerspec Technologies, Inc.
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March/April 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy André Lamarre at Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas
This article highlights the evolution of corrosion monitoring from conventional ultrasonic to ultrasonic phased array manual and automated solutions and their use for both general purposes and complex applications.
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March/April 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy Mike Brown at Sentinel Integrity Solutions
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March/April 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy Bruce A. Pellegrino at Sensor Networks, Inc., Dr. James N. Barshinger at Sensor Networks, Inc., and Michael Nugent at LPI, Inc.
While there are many methods for measuring equipment wall thickness, a predominant method used in the O&G and power generation industries is portable ultrasonic equipment. Ultrasonic testing is non-intrusive because it is applied to the outside of a...
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January/February 2016 Inspectioneering JournalBy Dr. Jake Davies at Permasense Ltd.
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November/December 2015 Inspectioneering JournalBy Borja Lopez at Innerspec Technologies, Inc.
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March/April 2015 Inspectioneering JournalBy Ana Benz at IRISNDT, Michael O. Nichols at Marathon Petroleum Company, and Bradley Baudier at Marathon Petroleum Corporation
This article provides a discussion of a recent inspection performed at a U.S. refinery. Industry HF lines are experiencing piping failures in increasing numbers due to the presence of residual elements entrained within their carbon steel components.
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November/December 2014 Inspectioneering JournalBy Rajesh Bose at BP, and Terry M. Webb at BP
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November/December 2014 Inspectioneering JournalBy Kelsey Hevner at Quest Integrity Group
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May/June 2014 Inspectioneering JournalBy Jeremiah Wooten at Inspectioneering, LLC.
The following interview with Rich Roberts provides answers to some of the questions our readers have about small, specially designed pigs carrying NDE technologies that can inspect nearly every area of a tube from the coils interior surface.
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January/February 2014 Inspectioneering JournalBy Bob Lasser at Imperium, Inc., and Daniel Oehl at Imperium, Inc.
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November/December 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy Jan Verkooijen at TUV Rheinland Sonovation
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September/October 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy Sam Ternowchek at Mistras Group
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July/August 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy Borja Lopez at Innerspec Technologies, Inc.
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July/August 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy James R. Widrig at Quest Integrity
Inspection and fitness-for-service assessments of critical in-plant piping systems are a concern for the chemical industry. This presents a potentially insurmountable task and discovery of a number of areas where the condition is at risk.
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March/April 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy Borja Lopez at Innerspec Technologies, Inc.
This is the first in a series of three articles that will introduce Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and its practical applications in the field of nondestructive testing (NDT). EMAT, or Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer, is an...
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A Discussion on the Piping Thickness Management Process - Part 3: Data Collection with Ultrasonics and RadiographyJanuary/February 2013 Inspectioneering JournalBy A.C. Gysbers at The Equity Engineering Group, Inc.
This article is the third of a series of articles that will focus on one critical sub process within a PEIP that is key in managing the integrity of process piping: thickness monitoring programs for internal corrosion. These articles will discuss...
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November/December 2012 Inspectioneering JournalBy Gary Penney at ADMA
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September/October 2012 Inspectioneering JournalBy Richard D. Roberts at Quest Integrity Group
The refining industry has applied ultrasonic-based intelligent pigging to inspect serpentine coils in fired heaters since the 1990s. Today, thousands of serpentine coils in fired heaters are inspected annually at process facilities around the globe.
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May/June 2012 Inspectioneering JournalBy Jason Butz at SAIT Polytechnic
Over the past 100 years, Nondestructive testing has made tremendous advances. New NDT methods have been introduced, while old "tried and true" methods continue to be improved. Although some NDT methods have drastically changed or "evolved" over...
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November/December 2010 Inspectioneering JournalBy John Reynolds at Intertek
High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) is a long known and still occurring degradation issue for fixed equipment construction materials in the hydrocarbon process industry where hydroprocess plants (hydrogen plus hydrocarbons) are in service....
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November/December 2010 Inspectioneering Journal
Understanding, predicting, detecting and controlling high-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA), have been elusive goals of materials engineers and scientists for over 70 years. The destruction of low alloy steel components exposed to hydrogen through...
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January/February 2010 Inspectioneering JournalBy Richard D. Roberts at Quest Integrity Group
For years refinery and chemical plant operators have utilized ultrasonic-based intelligent pig technology to inspect coils in convection and radiant sections of fired heaters. This proven technology provides accurate inspection data which allows...
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January/February 2009 Inspectioneering JournalBy Dan Carnevale at Danatronics Corporation
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July/August 2007 Inspectioneering JournalBy Paul Jackson at Plant Integrity Ltd., and Tat-Hean Gan at TWI Ltd.
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July/August 2005 Inspectioneering JournalBy Julian Speck at TWI Ltd., and Bryan Kenzie at TWI
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September/October 2004 Inspectioneering JournalBy Julian Speck at TWI Ltd., and Peter Mudge at Pi Ltd.
The impetus for the development of LRUT is that ultrasonic thickness checks for corrosion, erosion, etc. are localised, in that they only measure the thickness of the area under the UT transducer.
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September/October 2004 Inspectioneering JournalBy Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal
Exactly two years ago, an interview with John Nyholt appeared in the “IJ”. New ground will be covered in this interchange. We at the IJ thought it might be valuable to spend some time chatting about his background, challenges he has faced...
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September/October 2002 Inspectioneering JournalBy Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal
John has primary responsibility for NDE consulting and troubleshooting for BP around the world in the refining, chemical and gas processing industries. We at the IJ thought it might be valuable to spend some time chatting about his background,...
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May/June 2002 Inspectioneering JournalBy Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal, and C.P. Hsiao
We have discussed various factors that can affect the reliability of NDE techniques (i.e., probability of detection - POD and sizing accuracy) in Part 1. In general, it is difficult to quantify these uncertainties. In fact, it is impossible to fully...
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November/December 2000 Inspectioneering JournalBy C.P. Hsiao
The recently released API RP-579 Fitness-for-Service Recommended Practice highlights the need for a measurable degree of reliability in NDE results. In fact, the industry has been asking for a process to assure a minimum level of inspection quality...
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September/October 2000 Inspectioneering JournalBy T.C. Ridgeway & Staff at TCRI
In part 1 of this article we covered the importance of quality assurance of UT data, that is, understanding for each particular application, the accuracy required of the UT data, and new ways/graphical program to analyze and show the...
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July/August 2000 Inspectioneering JournalBy T.C. Ridgeway & Staff at TCRI
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March/April 2000 Inspectioneering JournalBy Paul Marks at NDT Training and Placement Center
Do You Know All You Need To Know About The People Who Perform Your NDT? Could the following scenario be played out in your plant, on your equipment, on your watch? The year is 1968. The time is 3 PM on Friday. Two fairly young men are...
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January/February 2000 Inspectioneering Journal
This article covers the use of permanently attached ultrasonic transducers for inspection and process plant equipment condition monitoring while in service.
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September/October 1999 Inspectioneering JournalBy Reggie Cross at ND Tech
This paper describes the use of a UT fixture for detection of stress corrosion cracking in ferrous heat exchanger tube-to-tubesheet welds and external tube corrosion or pitting near the tubesheets including crevice OD corrosion.
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May/June 1999 Inspectioneering JournalBy Richard L. Lopushanksy at Southwest Research Institute
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May/June 1999 Inspectioneering JournalBy Paul K. Davidson at WIS, Inc.
EMATs (Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers) have been used for over six years for field service inspection of in-service piping. Recent advances in technology have allowed us to inspect new types of on-stream piping.
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March/April 1999 Inspectioneering JournalBy Mike Sparago at The Equity Engineering Group
Inspection data analysis tools, like risk-based inspection, help us to focus on quantitative reliability targets. When considering thinning mechanisms, there is a certain probability that a piece of equipment will reach retirement thickness before...
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March/April 1999 Inspectioneering Journal
The API Subcommittee on Inspection (SCI) has determined to initiate a program covering the qualification of ultrasonic (UT) technicians conducting inspections.
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January/February 1999 Inspectioneering JournalBy Mike Sparago at The Equity Engineering Group
Ultrasonic thickness monitoring programs represent one of the most intensive inspection activities in refining and petrochemical facilities. Despite numerous improvements in ultrasonic testing equipment and inspection techniques, however, there has...
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July/August 1998 Inspectioneering Journal
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May/June 1998 Inspectioneering JournalBy Mike Badeen at Phillips 66 Co.
New inspection technology, when added to the proven practice of using tell tale holes (TTHs), proves effective in reducing significant releases and or catastrophic events that are related to internal corrosion / erosion of process piping. In fact,...
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March/April 1998 Inspectioneering JournalBy Richard D. Roberts at Quest Integrity Group, and Tim Cowling
Furnace tubes in the petrochemical and refining industries lengths' can exceed 2,000 ft., often with multiple serpentine bends. This can make them extremely difficult to inspect using conventional NDE methods. The following inspection tool (FTIS)...
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March/April 1997 Inspectioneering JournalBy John Reynolds at Intertek
This is the second in a series of articles on piping inspection. In the last article, I enumerated four inspection issues that I believe contribute to inadequate piping mechanical integrity in the hydrocarbon process industry.
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November/December 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal, and Dr. W. David Wang at Shell Oil Products Company
Nelson Curve changes in the late 1980's provided cause for Shell Oil Company to look at more reliable NDE non-destructive evaluation methods for assessment of materials/equipment in high temperature hydrogen service. The primary change motivating...
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September/October 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Susan W. Borenstein at Structural Integrity Associates, Inc., and George J. Licina at Structural Integrity Associates, Inc.
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July/August 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Greg Alvarado at Inspectioneering Journal
With miles of piping and tons of equipment to consider for on-stream inspection or monitoring you probably have:
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July/August 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Dr. John Bowker at Metals Technology Laboratories, CANMET, and Russell Orr at Metals Technologies Laboratories, CANMET
Petrochemical and energy utility industries require a methodology which will allow them and the governing regulatory authorities to make technical and financially sound decisions for the repair or replacement of pressure vessels which suffer damage...
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May/June 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Bob Browne at ERA Technology
For reason of economy, the hot reheat pipework in many US power plants is fabricated from seam-welded low chrome-moly carbon steel spools. Unlike girth butt welds, where the critical weldment microstructures can off-load stress to the stronger...
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Utilities' High Energy Piping Systems - Utility Industry's Application of Acoustic Emission Yields Measurable Improvement in Inspection Program Cost and Overall System IntegrityMarch/April 1995 Inspectioneering JournalBy Charles L. Foster at Pacific Gas & Electric
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Asset Intelligence Report
This Asset Intelligence Report provides an introduction to Conventional NDE and its applications across industries and equipment lifecycles.
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Press ReleaseQuest Integrity, July 11, 2013
Quest Integrity Group introduces a new animation focused on the inspection and assessment of buried or inaccessible piping in nuclear facilities utilizing HYDRA™, an ultrasonic-based intelligent pigging technology.
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Downloads
Downloadable eBooks, Asset Intelligence Reports, checklists, white papers, and more.
Videos
Watch educational and informative videos directly related to your profession.