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API RP 941 - Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Definition
API RP 941, Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, Eighth Edition, is a recommended practice developed and published by the American Petroleum Institute (API). This RP is intended to help identify and manage equipment potentially subject to high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) by putting into place practical operating limits for carbon and low alloy steels in hydrogen service at elevated temperatures and pressures. This RP also discusses how the resistance of steels to hydrogen damage can be affected by high stress, heat treating, chemical composition, and cladding. A summary of inspection methods to evaluate equipment for the presence of HTHA is also included. The first edition of the recommended practice was originally published in January 1997, and the most recent release is the eighth edition, published in February 2016.
API RP 941 applies to any equipment in refineries, petrochemical facilities, chemical facilities, or hydrogenation plants that happen to operate in environments in which hydrogen-containing fluids are processed at elevated temperatures and pressures. Hydrogenation plants can include any in which the manufacturing of ammonia, methanol, edible oils, or higher alcohols takes place.
API RP 941 only covers equipment that runs at high temperatures and does not cover any equipment that runs at below 400°F (204°C). At those temperatures, hydrogen enters the steel due an electrochemical mechanism, which operates under different principles. Likewise, this RP only applies to HTHA thus, even when following the guidelines listed in this RP, steel might not necessarily resist other damage mechanisms in a process stream. It also doesn’t cover damage that might be caused due to rapid cooling of the metal that might occur after it has been removed from high temperature, high-pressure hydrogen service.
Related Topics
API 560 - Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service API 570 - Piping Inspection Code API RP 1173 - Pipeline Safety Management Systems API RP 1176 - Assessment and Management of Cracking in Pipelines API RP 571 - Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry API RP 576 - Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices API RP 579 - Fitness-For-Service (FFS) API RP 580 - Risk Based Inspection (RBI) API RP 581 - Risk Based Inspection Technology API RP 75 - Developing a Safety and Environmental Management Program for Offshore Operations API RP 939-C - Guidelines for Avoiding Sulfidation (Sulfidic) Corrosion Failures in Oil Refineries International Organization for Standardization (ISO) PAS 55Relevant Links
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Articles
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November/December 2014 Inspectioneering JournalBy Gerrit M. Buchheim, P.E. at Becht Engineering Co., Inc.
High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) is a complex damage mechanism that continues to defy investigators trying to make predictions on the anticipated degree of damage or service life. This article provides some background on HTHA, discusses some current developments in HTHA inspection and mitigation, and describes how one Refiner is instituting an HTHA risk management plan for its refineries and the challenges and pitfalls they have encountered.
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BlogJanuary 20, 2014 By Jeremiah Wooten at Inspectioneering, LLC.
Last week we mentioned three important tips to consider when addressing high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA). This week, we'd like to provide the reader with a few helpful resources that deal with the topic of HTHA.
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January/February 2005 Inspectioneering JournalBy John Reynolds at Intertek
HTHA falls into multiple categories of corrosion mechanisms, including environmentally assisted cracking, hydrogen assisted cracking, and high temperature degradation. Sometimes HTHA is confused with low temperature hydrogen cracking mechanisms that result from hydrogen being driven into steels by aqueous corrosion reactions.
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